Welcome to C++ Programming Tutorial

Your guide to getting started with C++ programming.

Variables and Data Types in C++

Variables
In C++, variables are named storage locations in memory with a specific data type. They hold data that can be used and manipulated by your program.

Declaring and Using Variables
To declare a variable, you specify its type followed by its name. You can also initialize it with a value.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int age = 25;            // Declares an integer variable named 'age' and initializes it with 25
    float salary = 3500.50;  // Declares a float variable named 'salary' and initializes it with 3500.50
    char grade = 'A';        // Declares a char variable named 'grade' and initializes it with 'A'
    bool isEmployed = true;  // Declares a boolean variable named 'isEmployed' and initializes it with true

    // Printing variable values
    cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
    cout << "Salary: " << salary << endl;
    cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl;
    cout << "Employed: " << (isEmployed ? "Yes" : "No") << endl;

    return 0;
}

Data Types in C++
Data types define the type of data a variable can hold. Here are some common data types in C++:

int (Integer)
Used for whole numbers.
Example: int age = 25;
Size: Typically 4 bytes.
float (Floating Point)
Used for numbers with decimal points.
Example: float salary = 3500.50;
Size: Typically 4 bytes.
double (Double Precision Floating Point)
Used for floating-point numbers with double the precision of float.
Example: double pi = 3.14159265358979;
Size: Typically 8 bytes.
char (Character)
Used for single characters.
Example: char grade = 'A';
Size: Typically 1 byte.
bool (Boolean)
Used for true/false values.
Example: bool isEmployed = true;
Size: Typically 1 byte.

Example Program
Here’s a complete example that demonstrates declaring and using different data types in C++:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int age = 30;             // Integer variable
    float height = 5.9;       // Floating point variable
    double weight = 68.75;    // Double precision floating point variable
    char initial = 'J';       // Character variable
    bool isStudent = false;   // Boolean variable

    // Displaying values
    cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
    cout << "Height: " << height << endl;
    cout << "Weight: " << weight << endl;
    cout << "Initial: " << initial << endl;
    cout << "Student: " << (isStudent ? "Yes" : "No") << endl;

    return 0;
}

Explanation of the Output:
<< is used to send output to the console.
? : is the ternary operator used for conditional expressions.

Size of Data Types in C++
The size of each data type can vary based on the system and compiler, but common sizes are:

int: 4 bytes
float: 4 bytes
double: 8 bytes
char: 1 byte
bool: 1 byte

You can check the size of these data types on your system using the sizeof operator:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout << "Size of int: " << sizeof(int) << " bytes" << endl;
    cout << "Size of float: " << sizeof(float) << " bytes" << endl;
    cout << "Size of double: " << sizeof(double) << " bytes" << endl;
    cout << "Size of char: " << sizeof(char) << " bytes" << endl;
    cout << "Size of bool: " << sizeof(bool) << " bytes" << endl;

    return 0;
}